Anorexia Nervosa A Serious, Deadly Disease Essay

Eating disorders affect many people and overcoming eating disorders can be a very difficult task. Anorexia Nervosa is a serious, deadly eating disorder that many people are diagnosed with every year, especially females. Women are seven to ten times more likely to develop an eating disorder than men. What would make someone want to go to the extent to starve themselves to lose weight? There are many reasons why people with Anorexia Nervosa refuse their bodies to eat. Treating the psychological disorder can be a very difficult task, but it is important to help people get back to a normal, healthy life. What is Anorexia Nervosa? Anorexia Nervosa translated means â€Å"a nervous loss of appetite†. It is a psychological disorder that causes†¦show more content†¦Often times if someone misses their period three consecutive times, the person could be at risk for this disease if they have the other symptoms as well. Many times someone with this disease will not just restric t their food intake, they will also over-exercise. Several times these people will reduce their food intake down to one-thousand calories per day. The average person will have an intake of around two-thousand calories per day, varying for the size of the person. There are two types of Anorexia Nervosa. The first type is when someone restricts their food intake, especially in carbohydrates. Meats will be avoided at all possible costs because it has fat in it as well as skipping complete meals. Carefully counting the amount of calories they consume per day is a daily activity for them. If they gain even a single pound, they will do anything to get rid of the weight at fast as possible. This can lead to the second type of Anorexia Nervosa. They second type involves food restrictions as well as periods of binge eating and purging. The person will binge eat to satisfy their hunger and cravings, followed by self-induced vomiting. Sometimes they will use laxatives to force the food ou t of their bodies before the body can process the food for energy or fat. This type of Anorexia Nervosa is usually found in older victims, as well as people with a higher amount of psychological issues like depression, anxiety, and guilt.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Cause and Effect of Anorexia1128 Words   |  5 Pagesvillainous disease was not cancer or AIDS. I had anorexia, a condition which afflicts many teens and young adults, especially young women.† Holly (Caringonline.org) Anorexia is a type of eating disorder who has an intense fear of gaining weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin (1). Anorexia affects both the mind and body and can even become deadly. Anorexia usually starts in the teen years and can go into adult hood. Untreated anorexia can lead toRead MoreEating Disorders And The Media799 Words   |  4 Pages Eating Disorders and Their Relationship to Images in the Media: Anorexia and Bulimia People around the world are suffering from different eating disorders. Some people simply can’t stop eating which causes overweight. Others, controversially, don’t eat at all causing themselves to end up with hardly treatable eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Such eating disorders are mainly caused by the mass media including advertisements, magazines television and internet. In today s existenceRead MoreEssay on Anorexia Nervosa: Two Types of Eating Disorders564 Words   |  3 PagesAnorexia nervosa is a deadly eating disorder which makes people think that they are fat, even when they are really skinny. Anorexia is not only a physical disorder, but also a physiological disorder. The people who have it often feel fat, even though others say they aren’t, they are also scared of gaining weight. In order to prevent others from getting suspicious, they lie about the amount they eat.Normally, people who are 15% lighter than the expected body weight have Anorexia. A misconception thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Anorexia Nervosa On The Human Body1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Anorexia Nervosa On the Human Body Anorexia is a lack or loss of appetite for food as a medical condition and is also considered an emotional disorder categorized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. Anorexia is found in all people, male and female of any age and in some cases can be life threatening. The reason Anorexia and all eating disorders in general are important to study is because they are a significant part of society. Eating disorders also hold theRead MoreEating Disorders Essay641 Words   |  3 Pages There are two main types of eating disorders, and one that has not yet been confirmed as a disease. These are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder. These disorders are not due to a failure of will or behavior, but are real, treatable illnesses in which certain poor patterns of eating take on a life of their own. These disorders usually co-occur with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders. Women are more likely to suffer from eatingRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Iowa Tech Anorexia Nervosa1069 Words   |  5 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Alma I Puga Western Iowa TechAnorexia Nervosa According to the National Institute of Mental Health, death from starvation, or medical complications, heart attacks or kidney failure, affects 1 out of every 10 cases of Anorexia. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is most common in young adolescents girls . People diagnosed with this disorder have a distorted view of themselves and a fear of gaining weight. They often restrict how much food they eat in orderRead More Eating Disorders Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesyouth of this era is eating disorders. While some overlook it and don’t think it is a problem eating disorders should be given serious consideration. This is because the psychological ramification of eating disorders tends to have lasting effects over the course of the adolescents’ life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An eating disorder is any of various psychological disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia, which involves insufficient or excessive food intake. They are a silent epidemic and a exceedingly negative responseRead MoreEating Disorders : An Unhealthy Consumption Level Of Food1778 Words   |  8 Pagesregulate weight using different means (â€Å"restricting food intake, binge eating, and purging food through self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, fasting, excessive exercise, or overeating†) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Bulimia nervosa is a severe eating disorder associated with episodic binge eating followed by extreme behaviors to avoid weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise (Frank, G. 2011). Eating disorders have existed for a longRead MoreTeenagers Are Suffering With Multiple Eating Disorders1484 Words   |  6 Pagestowards the issue which their child is facing and take action immediately to save their child from the dangerous activities. It is important for them to realize that their child is in great danger once they begin to do any of these tasks. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological problems which mostly affect teenagers and causes them to become conscious about their weight and body image. Meanwhile, parents are very naà ¯ve and ignorant which causes them not to recognize the signs that their child(s)Read MoreAnorexia Nervosa Essay2312 Words   |  10 PagesAnorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that is most prevalent in adolescent girls and young women. It is distinguished by the loss of at least 15% of the expected body weight (Long). The disease is characterized by the obsessive fear of gaining weight; through this fear, the person engages in dangerous dieting habits that prevent weight gain. According to statistics in 2011 anorexia is categorized as the third most common chronic disease among adolescents, in addition, eating d isorders also have

Effective School Leadership Free Essays

Effective School leadership today must combine the traditional school leadership duties such as teacher evaluation, budgeting, scheduling, and facilities maintenance with a deep involvement with specific aspects of teaching and learning. Some key elements of Instructional leadership and what I believe to be most important and effective elements in the leadership role include the following: Prioritization: Instructional Leaders make adult learning a priority and set high expectations for performance (NAESP, 2001). While leaders cannot neglect other duties, teaching and learning is where the majority of a leader’s scheduled time needs to be allocated. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective School Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Visible Presence: Placing the focus on learning objectives, modeling behaviors of learning, and designing programs and activities on instruction are essential for instructional leadership (Whitaker, 1997). Having leaders as teachers of instruction serves as a model for many teachers who may struggle with certain concepts and can help build trust and relationships. Curriculum: Principals need to know about the changing concepts of curriculum (Approaches to Leadership). The goal of any leader should be to increase student achievement; therefore, the curriculum, instruction, and assessments must all be aligned with the standards. Leaders need to be knowledgeable with curriculum and state standards and provide professional development and continuous learning for adults. Data: In their focus on improving achievement, effective leaders use multiple sources of information to assess performance (NAESP, 2001). Many leaders use data to help guide the instructional focus and professional development for teachers. Effective leaders skillfully gather information that determines how well a school organization is meeting goals and use that information to refine strategies designed to meet or extend the goals. Effective leaders make student success pivotal to their work and,  accordingly, pay attention to and communicate about instruction, curriculum, and student mastery of learning objectives, and are visible in the school. Learning needs to occur throughout an organization, and instructional leaders need to become participants in the learning process in order to shape and encourage the implementation of effective learning models in their schools. To illustrate, effective leaders don’t just arrange for professional development; rather, they participate in staff training provided to their staffs. Additionally, good leaders foster the idea of working together as a valuable enterprise because they understand that this kind of collaborative learning community ultimately will build trust, collective responsibility, and a school wide focus on improved student learning (Mendez-Morse, 1991). How to cite Effective School Leadership, Essays

Role Of Information Systems

Question: Understand the central role of information systems and of the world- wide- web in organisations. Identify the elements of hardware and software used for the transmission, storage and retrieval of information. Demonstrate how the quality of management decision making is enhanced by information systems. Answer: Introduction The introduction of online retailers disrupted the offline business model and with the ecommerce sites always-on online presence, user-friendly UI, tight integration with social media sites and customer data collection for analytics, led birth to Digital Marketing. This study discusses the e-commerce business model with critical analysis of the situation, problem, its solution and evaluation from the point of privacy concerns a user face when shopping online Adoption of new marketing techniques use of social media as a tool to bond customer relations and support, and lastly, the impact online retailers have over the retail market are explained in the mentioned format. Findings and Analysis Impact of ecommerce in Retail Industry In a country like UK where 84% of the population goes online for their shopping needs, it only makes sense for ecommerce companies to convert visitors into customers. It is bolstered by the fact that internet speeds are only increasing with small caps on data limit. Brick-mortar stores are at risk if they do not adopt a policy of shifting a part of their business model online. A survey of adults spending time on different social networking is shown. Figure 1: Percentage of adults spending time on social networks (Source: Hajli, 2014, pp-390) In countries like India, the ecommerce accounts for less than 1% of the total retail market, but it is a fastest growing market and is expected to rise as much as $22 billion in next five years from the existing $3.1 billion at present (Priyanka and Srinivasan, 2015). The way an ecommerce business works is different from that of an offline retail business (Figure 2). (Source: Mohapatra, 2013, pp- 170) According to Heuer, Brettel and Kemper (2015), browsing products in an e-commerce site is easy, but both retail and brick stores are facing increased competition. Retail stores find themselves with fewer customers as the online ecommerce sites provide features like cash on delivery, free delivery, sales and hefty deals from time to time. For online only stores, their delivery system is either handled by its partner or partnering with a third-party courier service. Often a courier service is limited to the outskirts of the city and those living in a rural area often have to travel a lot to get their package. Also, not all sellers deliver products to each and every part of the country, especially if the item is large or heavy (Izzah, Rifai and Yao, 2016). According to Almousa (2013), to increase competition, more competitors have entered the online market at competitive rates muddying the water more. Adding to that confusion each product in a marketplace has lots of sellers. Also, return policy in case of defects varies from seller to seller. International shipping is viable albeit a costly option if the product is not available in the online store of a particular region. Cheung et al. (2016) opined that one solution for retail business is to shift their products to an online marketplace business model. Some offline retailers also offer an alternative online store for their products, but it needs a website dedicated to it. People who cannot visit the store will shop from their online store (Sahney, 2015). More and more online retailers are expanding their delivery service by partnering with local delivery and courier services. In many countries, rules are enforced for a product to be deliverable anywhere within a country (Mahapatra, 2013). According to Hayashi, Nemoto and Visser (2014), customers need to look for verified and trusted sellers, especially one with a good reputation and more stars which can be easily seen. For return policies, one can ask the seller directly if it is not listed alongside the seller. International shipping is costly, but it is still an alternative if the demand of the product is much to the user. According to Landers et al. (2015), for offline retailers moving to an only marketplace makes sense as they will get more exposure, especially if they are not much popular or are trying to expand. The idea of having the alternative of having an online store to the brick and mortar store has been adopted successfully by many. Delivery of a product to anywhere in a country is something which greatly varies from country to country. It is not perfect, but it is significantly improving. The reason of not completely expanding onto rural areas has more to do with less demand for products, and geographical difficulties can shoot up delivery costs. E-commerce business and its use of social media With the proliferation of social media in this internet age and crowdculture being a major decision factor, ecommerce websites are increasingly using social media sites to create content in the form of ads, short films, sponsoring popular events and movies, competitions among many events (Branding in the Age of Social Media, 2016). The idea is to shift the perspective from being passive and be more interactive by reaching the masses through the use of entertainment medium. Example being, in YouTube channels of a brand or a person, creates videos to attract the audience and the gauging factors for popularity are the number of views and likes which are proportional in nature. Cultural branding is to make it a popular icon among the masses. Crowd culture determines which products are desirable and are on the rise. As per Hajli (2014), social media is also an effective medium to create a support network for addressing customer complaints, requests and taking feedbacks. It requires managing of different roles of and a different category of a support team. It helps in creating public relations. Social networking is time intensive in nature due to its very interactive nature. One has to monitor all the social network channels, learn the intricacies and its use in a business application, reply to the comments and queries made by the customer within a specified time frame in a professional way. Not everybody feels at the ease of sharing personal information through a social medium to contact a business, and it has been a prevalent topic of controversy till date. The practice of customized ads for visitors by utilizing the information from social media lowers the privacy of those using it (Madden, 2012). According to Calefato, Lanubile and Novielli (2015), negative feedback in the form of replies, pictures or videos targeting the brand or service can have far-reaching consequences, and it can damage the reputation. It also tends to be viral as a comment made on a social network is quickly shared and seen by everyone visiting the page. It cannot be ignored but have to be handled efficiently by damage control. One downside to social network marketing is that it attracts a lot of existing loyal customers but bringing new customers takes a lot of effort change in the marketing plan. Use of customer information on ecommerce platform Ecommerce businesses need to find personnel who have knowledge in digital marketing or have experience in the practical field; otherwise, they have to be trained separately (Social Media Is Too Important to Be Left to the Marketing Department, 2016). According to Rubinstein and Good (2012), a collection of user data for marketing and user-experience improvement has to be mentioned in the privacy policies of the website. For social networking sites, most sites display user confirmation or warning on which personal info will be collected in the form of a popup (dAquin and Thomas, 2013). Google Plus, Facebook are major examples (Wilson, Proudfoot and Valacich, 2014). Figure 3: Collection of user data on ecommerce platform (Source: Gao et al. 2014, pp- 104) By the words of Srinivasan (2014), in the case of a negative feedback it has to be addressed as professionally as possible, and the user complaint has to be dealt critical and top priority to provide a solution or a workaround; in case there is none a fix or a solution has to be dispatched and confirmed before the user. A positive experience will float around the internet the same way as a negative experience. For a business to survive it has to attract new customers from time to time for expansion and increasing user base. Therefore, the business has to avoid saturation of any kind. The brand name change, or change in marketing tactics if carefully dealt works to its advantage. Training of personnel is often cost-prohibitive and recruiting someone with experience in digital marketing is a bit hard to come by for the subject being fairly nascent. Security issues with customer data and prevention Many e-commerce websites collect personal information of the users either through forms or web-based cookies. A collection of data usage is often told in advance to the visitors visiting the site and is required to accept, which is voluntary or are just stored without informing when they browse through the website, which is involuntary (Chen, Chiang and Storey, 2012). Privacy policies are set up and are stated clearly in the data collection and auto-user confirmation upon using the site. According to a Canadian survey 23% of people are afraid of bank fraud. Figure 4: Chart showing percentage of users concerned with privacy issues (Source: Madden, 2012, pp-10) A collection of user data is a gray area where the advantages and risk often go hand-to-hand. A user can always shop in an incognito mode where the session data is deleted when the user closes the browser. Law enforcement authorities that govern e-commerce sites are Federal Trade Commission, State Enforcement, and Private tort actions, which are brought under the ECPA and common-law privacy invasion (E-Commerce: An Introduction, 2016). Privacy policies mention that data are collected and if cookies or web bugs are used, which third parties have access to the information, security measures to ensure confidentiality, if the site owners will disclose users personal info if it is required; hence, the user is not kept in dark and can take lawsuit actions if they are broken (Adelola, Dawson and Batmaz, 2015). Shopping in incognito mode is possible, but it is not entirely useful since it requires additional steps and not all users are aware of it especially those who are not much computer literate or is their first time shopping online. Also with major e-commerce sites going to app mode or forcing users to opt for it, privacy takes step backward, leaving users with almost no choice in erasing their personal info (Gao et al., 2014). Marketing techniques of ecommerce business As per Bansal and Zahedi (2014), a user who is in greater need of a product, or has much spending potential is charged more; while a user who shops for bargain deals, in general, will be denied any discount in price. It is simply due to the vendor not gaining any profit by selling to that user. Targeted ads and web banners are more of an intrusion on privacy, and the user is constantly bombarded with product recommendations even when the person is not shopping or do not want to reveal his search habits to other individuals using the same computer. The purpose of data collection is to offer regular visitors with customized deals and services based on their past usage habits. Targeted ads and web banners are displayed on various sites, so the user is made aware of his possible items needed to be brought (Ramakrishnan, Jones and Sidorova, 2012). Conclusion Both e-commerce and offline brick and mortar stores are here to stay but in the longer run for the offline retailers to survive they have to coexist. Privacy is still a major source of a dilemma for new and existing customers and visitors alike, but with improved policies and federal laws governing them it is accessible for a customer to lodge the complaint or file a lawsuit. Online retailers have resorted to social sites to interact better with clients in the form of support services and to gauge the popularity of their products, all while maintaining the reputation and expanding their business. Online business is a booming industry and the increased competition only forces them to offer massive discounts, deals, and sales to attract customers. The authenticity of sellers and fake products remain a problem for some online marketplaces, but there are easy workarounds for verifying the seller. Recommendations One Marketplace - There are many competitors in the online ecommerce business and for a customer it is confusing. To make it simpler, those competitors can trade by allowing themselves to work under a single marketplace. Reducing Discounts - Even though discounts and deals are great for customers but offline retailers, it means almost running in loss and losing customers. Therefore, discounts and deals must be made less attractive or less cheap. Quality Check - Some online retailers often do not check the authenticity of the products sent by sellers, and many sellers are selling fake or duplicate products. Quality assurance must be given to customers and quality check must be done internally, and it can stop retailers from doing business which has a very low rating or those who do not pass the quality test. User friendly Privacy Policies - Privacy policies need to be more clear, precise and if presented in a way as to not intimidate the user will attract lots of customers for being upfront about it. References: Adelola, T., Dawson, R. and Batmaz, F., (2015). Privacy and data protection in e-commerce in developing nations: evaluation of different data protection approaches. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Almousa, M., (2013). Barriers to E-Commerce Adoption: Consumers Perspectives from a Developing Country. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Bansal, G. and Zahedi, F.M., (2014). Trust-discount tradeoff in three contexts: frugality moderating privacy and security concerns.Journal of Computer Information Systems,55(1), pp.13-29. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Calefato, F., Lanubile, F. and Novielli, N., (2015). The role of social media in affective trust building in customersupplier relationships.Electronic Commerce Research,15(4), pp.453-482. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), pp.1165-1188. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Cheung, T., Wong, W.H., Wong, R.S. and Zhu, J., (2016). Does Online Group Buying Benefit or Destroy Retail Businesses?.International Journal of Business and Economics,15(1), pp.1-16. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Cyber.law.harvard.edu, (2016).E-Commerce: An Introduction. [online] Cyber.law.harvard.edu. Available at: https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/olds/ecommerce/privacy.html [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. d'Aquin, M. and Thomas, K., (2013), October. Modeling and reasoning upon facebook privacy settings. InProceedings of the 2013th International Conference on Posters and Demonstrations Track-Volume 1035(pp. 141-144). CEUR-WS. org. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Gao, X., Yang, Y., Fu, H., Lindqvist, J. and Wang, Y., (2014), November. Private browsing: An inquiry on usability and privacy protection. InProceedings of the 13th Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society(pp. 97-106). ACM. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Hajli, M.N., (2014). A study of the impact of social media on consumers. International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Hayashi, K., Nemoto, T. and Visser, J.J., (2014). E-commerce and City Logistics Solution.City Logistics: Mapping The Future, p.55. . [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Hbr.org, (2016).Branding in the Age of Social Media. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2016/03/branding-in-the-age-of-social-media [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Hbr.org, (2016).Social Media Is Too Important to Be Left to the Marketing Department. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2016/04/social-media-is-too-important-to-be-left-to-the-marketing-department [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Heuer, D., Brettel, M. and Kemper, J., (2015). Brand competition in fashion e-commerce.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,14(6), pp.514-522. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Izzah, N., Rifai, D. and Yao, L., (2016). Relationship-Courier Partner Logistics and E-Commerce Enterprises in Malaysia: A Review.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(9). [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Landers, V.M., Beatty, S.E., Wang, S. and Mothersbaugh, D.L., (2015). The Effect of Online versus Offline Retailer-Brand Image Incongruity on the Flow Experience.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,23(4), pp.370-387. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Madden, M., (2012). Privacy management on social media sites.Pew Internet Report, pp.1-20. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Mohapatra, S., (2013). E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Priyanka, P.V. and Srinivasan, P., (2015). From a plan to generating revenue: how is social media strategy used to generate business in the retail industry in India?.International Journal of Marketing and Technology,5(4), pp.62-74 [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Ramakrishnan, T., Jones, M.C. and Sidorova, A., (2012). Factors influencing business intelligence (BI) data collection strategies: An empirical investigation.Decision Support Systems,52(2), pp.486-496. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Rubinstein, I. and Good, N., (2012). Privacy by design: A counterfactual analysis of Google and Facebook privacy incidents. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Sahney, S.,( 2015). Critical success factors in online retailan application of quality function deployment and interpretive structural modeling.International Journal of Business and Information,3(1). [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Srinivasan, R., (2014). Online social media and networks: Impact on marketing practice.The AMA Journal Reader. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016] Wilson, D., Proudfoot, J. and Valacich, J., (2014). Saving face on facebook: Privacy concerns, social benefits, and impression management. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016 Figure 2: Overall process of working of an ecommerce business

Lab 6 Essay Example

Lab 6 Paper ? Question 1 10 out of 10 points | | | Name the five types of ecosystems used in this laboratory, [1], [2], [3], [4], and [5]. | | | | | Specified Answer for: 1| Â  tundra| Specified Answer for: 2| Â  taiga| Specified Answer for: 3| Â  desert| Specified Answer for: 4| Â  freshwater lake| Specified Answer for: 5| Â  tropical rain forest| | | | | ? Question 2 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Fungi are examples of Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  E. decomposers| | | | | ? Question 3 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | The efficiency of energy transfer from a lower trophic level to the next highest level is roughly:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  D. 10%| | | | | ? Question 4 10 out of 10 points | | | For the ecosystem organism or type match the organisms with their type or type with type. Answer | | | | | Question| Selected Match| Caribou| Â  B. First Order Heterotroph| Arctic Fox| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Autotroph| Â  A. Producer| Herbivore| Â  B. First Order Heterotr oph| Coyote| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| | | | | | ? Question 5 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | You find yourself in an area where there are snakes, hawks and coyotes. Based upon these animal populations, you are most likely in a [__________] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   desert| | | | | ? Question 6 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | In aquatic ecosystems, biomass is least at which trophic level? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  A. Autotrophs| | | | | ? Question 7 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Organisms that directly use energy from the sun to make their food are called:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Autotrophs| | | | | ? Question 8 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | Which of the following illustrates the correct ordering of trophic levels? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Autotrophs>herbivores>carnivores>decomposers| | | | | ? Question 9 40 out of 40 points | | | Match the organisms present in the various ecosystems with their type. Answer | | | | | Question| Selected Match| Whirligig Beetle| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| African Elephant| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Leopard| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| Chimpanzee| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Dragonfly| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Mute Swan| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Large Mouth Bass| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Bell Frog| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Saguaro Cactus| Â  A. Producer| Velvet Ant| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Rattlesnake| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Cactus Wren| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Coyote| Â  C. Second Order Heterotroph| Douglas Fir| Â  A. Producer| Whitetail Deer| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Snowshoe Rabbit| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Eagle| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| Human| Â  B. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab 6 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Third Order Heterotroph| Snowy Owl| Â  D. First Order Heterotroph| Arctic Wolf| Â  B. Third Order Heterotroph| | | | | | ? Question 10 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | You are in an area where there are snowy owl, wolves and caribou. You are most likely in a [___________] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   tundra| | | | | ? Question 11 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | This zone has the greatest concentration of plankton in a freshwater lake ecosystem:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  A. Limnetic| | | | | ? Question 12 3. 7 out of 3. points | | | Within an ecosystem:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  C. Energy flows in one direction only and nutrients are recycled. | | | | | ? Question 13 0 out of 3. 7 points | | | You are in an area where the ground is littered with what appears to be dry, dead leaves. You are most likely in a [x] ecosystem. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Â   coniferous forest| | | | | ? Question 14 3. 7 out of 3. 7 points | | | The ultima te source of energy for most ecosystems is:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Â  B. Sunlight| | | | |

Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage

Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage Debitage,  pronounced in English roughly DEB-ih-tahzhs, is an artifact type, the collective term used by archaeologists to refer to the sharp-edged waste material left over when a flintknapper creates a stone tool (that is, knaps flint). The process of making a stone tool is rather like sculpture, in that it involves whittling down a block of stone by removing unwanted pieces until the sculptor/flint knapper achieves the final product. Debitage refers to those unneeded stone fragments. Debitage is the French term for this material, but it is commonly used in the scholarly literature in most other languages, including English. Other terms in English include waste flakes, stone chips, and chipping debris; all of these refer to the stone fragments left over as a waste product created when a worker produces a stone tool. Those terms also refer to chipping debris leftover when a stone tool is repaired or refined. Why is Debitage Interesting? Scholars are interested in the stone flakes left behind by flintknappers for a number of reasons. The pile of debris is the location where stone tool production took place, even if the tool itself was taken away: that alone tells archaeologists about where people lived and worked in the past. The flakes also hold information about the type of stone used to make a stone tool, as well as the technology, the steps taken in the manufacturing process. Some of the waste flakes may be used as tools themselves, to scrape plants or cut meat for example, but by and large, the word debitage refers to those pieces which have not been reused. Whether the flakes were used as a tool or not, debitage accounts for the oldest evidence discovered for human-like behaviors: we know ancient people were making stone tools because we have found purposeful flaking debris even if we dont know what was being made. And as such, they have been recognized as an artifact type since the first decades of the 20th century. Analyzing Debitage Debitage analysis is the systematic study of those chipped stone flakes. The most common study of debitage involves simple (or complex) cataloging of the flakes characteristics, such as source material, length, width, weight, thickness, flaking scars, and the evidence of heat-treatment among many others. Given that there can be thousands or tens of thousands of pieces of debitage from a site, data from all of those flakes definitely qualifies as big data. In addition, analytical studies have attempted to classify the flakes by step in the tool-making process. In general, a stone tool is made by removing the largest pieces first, then the pieces get smaller and smaller as the tool gets refined and shaped. A popular tool-based debitage typology in the late 20th century consisted of categorizing flakes into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes. These rough categories were thought to reflect a very specific set of flake removal processes: primary flakes were removed from a block of stone first, then secondary, and finally tertiary flakes. Defining those three categories was based on size and the percentage of the cortex (unmodified stone) left on the waste flake. Refitting, putting the stone pieces back together whether simply one flake to another or reconstructing an entire stone tool, was originally quite pain-staking and labor-intensive. More recent tool-based imaging processes have refined and built on this technique considerably. Other Analytical Types One of the problems with debitage analysis is there is just so much debitage. The construction of one tool from a block of stone can produce hundreds if not thousands of waste flakes of all shapes and sizes. As a result, studies of debitage as part of the study of all stone artifacts at a given site are frequently completed using mass analysis techniques. Size grading by using a set of graduated screens to sort debitage is often used. Researchers also sort the flakes into categories on a variety of attributes and then count and weigh the total in each category to estimate types of flaking activities. Piece-plotting of the distribution of debitage has been used, when it can be determined that the scatter of flakes has laid relatively undisturbed since its deposition. That study informs the researcher about the mechanics of flint-working activities. As a parallel study, an experimental reproduction of flint knapping has been used to build a suitable comparison of debitage scatters and production techniques. Microwear analysis is the study of the edge damage and pitting of debitage using a low- or high-power microscope, and it is generally reserved for debitage that has likely been used as a tool. Sources and Recent Studies A great source for information about all types of Lithic Analysis is Roger Graces Stone Age Reference Collection. The late Tony Bakers excellent lithics site  while now outdated still contains buckets of useful information based on his understanding of the mechanical processes he learned in his own flintknapping experiments. Ahler, Stanley A. Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Instead of the Tree. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. The Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. Eds. Henry, D. O., and George H. Odell. Vol. 1 (1989): 85-118. Print. Andrefsky Jr., William. The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17.1 (2009): 65-103. Print. - . The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34.3 (2007): 392-402. Print. Bradbury, Andrew P., and Philip J. Carr. Non-Metric Continuum-Based Flake Analysis. Lithic Technology 39.1 (2014): 20-38. Print. Chazan, Michael. Technological Perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19.2 (2010): 57-65. Print. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America. American Antiquity 72.3 (2007): 585-97. Print. Eren, Metin I., and Stephen J. Lycett. Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7.1 (2012): e29273. Print. Frahm, Ellery, et al. Sourcing Geochemically Identical Obsidian: Multiscalar Magnetic Variations in the Gutansar Volcanic Complex and Implications for Palaeolithic Research in Armenia. Journal of Archaeological Science 47.0 (2014): 164-78. Print. Hayden, Brian, Edward Bakewell, and Rob Gargett. The Worlds Longest-Lived Corporate Group: Lithic Analysis Reveals Prehistoric Social Organization near Lillooet, British Columbia. American Antiquity 61.2 (1996): 341-56. Print. Hiscock, Peter. Quantifying the Size of Artefact Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.3 (2002): 251-58. Print. Pirie, Anne. Constructing Prehistory: Lithic Analysis in the Levantine Epipaleolithic. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004): 675-703. Print. Shea, John J. The Middle Stone Age Archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, Lithic Assemblages, and Inferred Patterns of Early Homo Sapiens Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008): 448-85. Print. Shott, Michael J. The Quantification Problem in Stone Tool Assemblages. American Antiquity 65.4 (2000): 725-38. Print. Sullivan, Alan P. III, and Kenneth C. Rozen. Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50.4 (1985): 755-79. Print. Wallace, Ian J., and John J. Shea. Mobility Patterns and Core Technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1293-309. Print. Williams, Justin P., and William Andrefsky Jr. Debitage Variability among Multiple Flint Knappers. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.4 (2011): 865-72. Print.

Definitions and Types of Sentences in French

Definitions and Types of Sentences in French A sentence (une phrase) is a group of words including, at a minimum, a subject and a verb, plus any or all of the  French parts of speech. There are four basic types of sentence, each with its own punctuation, outlined below with examples. Normally, each sentence expresses a complete thought. One way to better understand French sentences is to read French newspapers (like Le Monde or Le Figaro) to analyze their syntax and construction. Parts of a French Sentence Sentences can be separated into a subject (un sujet), which may be stated or implied, and a predicate (un prà ©dicat). The subject is the person(s) or thing(s) performing the action. The predicate is the action of the sentence, which usually begins with the verb. Each sentence has an end punctuation mark- such as a period, question mark, or exclamation point- depending on the type of sentence, as well as possible intermediary punctuation such as commas. For example: Je suis professeur. I am a teacher.Subject: Je (I)Predicate: suis professeur (am a teacher) Paul et moi aimons la France. Paul and I love France.Subject: Paul et moi (Paul and I)Predicate: aimons la France (love France) La petite fille est mignonne. The little girl is cute.Subject: La petite fille (The little girl)Predicate: est mignonne (is cute) 4 Types of French Sentences There are four types of sentences: statements, questions, exclamations, and commands. Below are explanations and examples of each type. Statement  (Phrase Assertive or Phrase Dà ©clarative) Statements, the most common type of sentence, state or declare something. There are affirmative statements,  les phrases (dà ©claratives) affirmatives,  and negative statements,  les phrases (dà ©claratives) nà ©gatives. Statements end in periods. Check out some examples: Les phrases (dà ©claratives) affirmatives (Affirmative statements) Je vais la banque. (Im going to the bank.)Je suis fatiguà ©. (I am tired.)Je vous aiderai. (Ill help you.)Jespà ¨re que tu seras l. (I hope youll be there.)Je taime. (I love you.) Les phrases (dà ©claratives) nà ©gatives (Negative statements) Je ny vais pas. (Im not going.)Je ne suis pas fatiguà ©. (Im not tired.)Je ne veux pas vous aider. (I dont want to help you.)Il ne sera pas l. (He wont be there.)Ça  ne me  regarde  pas. (Its none of my business.) Question  (Phrase Interrogative) Interrogatives,  aka  questions, ask  about  or for something. Note that these sentences end in a question mark, and there is a space in every case between the final word and the question mark.  Examples include: As-tu mon livre  ? (Do you have my book?)Sont-ils prà ªts  ? (Are they ready?)Oà ¹ est-il  ? (Where is he?)Peux-tu nous aider  ? (Can you help us?) Exclamation (Phrase Exclamative) Exclamatives express a strong reaction such as surprise or indignation. They look just like statements except for the exclamation point  at the end; for this reason, theyre sometimes considered a subcategory of statements rather than a separate type of sentence. Note that there is a space between the final word and the exclamation point. For example: Je veux y aller  ! (I want to go!)Jespà ¨re que oui  ! (I hope so!)Il est trà ¨s beau  ! (Hes very handsome!)Cest une bonne idà ©e  ! (Thats a great idea!) Command (Phrase Impà ©rative) Commands are the only kind of sentence without an explicit subject. Instead, the subject is implied by the conjugation of the verb, which is in the imperative. The implied subject will always be  either the singular or plural you form:  tu  for singular and informal;  vous  for plural and formal. Commands can end in either a period or an exclamation point, depending on the speakers desired intensity. For instance: Va ten  ! (Go away!)Sois sage. (Be good.)Faites la vaisselle. (Do the dishes.)Aidez-nous le trouver ! (Help us find it!)(Note that the   and le  here are not contracted to au  because le is an object, not an article.)

An Issue Facing Human Resource Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Issue Facing Human Resource - Research Paper Example Rays of light slip through the recently washed window, as the sun begins its journey through the sky. A copy machine sounds in the background as well as the quiet hum of hundreds of people beginning their day in their cubical. This is the typical office scene that has defined work culture for the past several decades. There is a change on the horizon, however, that has begun to alter this scene and could prove to permanently change what the ‘typical’ office is defined as. This change, brought on by advance technology and rising cost for both employers and employees is, telecommuting. Telecommuting, or an employee working from home, is quickly becoming the norm for many employees today. It comes with both benefits and challenges, and as with most changes to the workplace, the responsibility for ironing out this transition has been placed on human resource shoulders. However, by taking an in-depth look into the specific challenges this change brings, such as: calculating w ork hours, maintaining office culture and community, and keeping lines of communication open. One can successfully apply good human resource strategies to them, and affectively integrate this new technological practice into the company for all to benefit. The first challenge brought by telecommuting is how to calculate hours worked. When an employee is working from home it is hard for a company to affectively manage whether or not time is spent working or doing other things. One successful approach to this issue is implementing performance management skills for all departments company wide. Performance management bases rewards, and job recognition on the outcome produced, as well as the process one takes in achieving to said outcome. This proves most beneficial when trying to manage the success of an employees work hours when they are away from the office. The company can then set up a schedule for how many hours it should take to complete a task and pay the employee accordingly. Th is type of performance management is not only beneficial for employees that are telecommuting, however, it also benefits for all employees and managers. The American Society for Public Administration, upon switching to a performance management style, stated that, â€Å"Requirements for outcomes-based performance management are increasing performance-evaluation activities at all government levels† (Heinrich 712). This increase in performance evaluation activities comes as a direct result of the fact that performance management focuses on the steps needed to complete the task, it allows room for the employee to feel comfortable asking for help when needed, and not just when a major problem arises, and it gives direct feedback and praise for a job well done. This management style also requires continual communication between employee and management, which helps the telecommuter stay, focused and connected with their company. Another challenge telecommuting brings, that relies he avily on the human resource department to remedy, is maintaining office culture and community when employees are not working in the office. A study done by the Journal of Applied Psychology found that telecommuting less than two days a week had little to no affect on the workplace relationships, however, they stated, â€Å" high-intensity telecommuting (more than 2.5 days a week) accentuated telecommuting's beneficial effects on work-family conflict but harmed

How to be a global citizen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How to be a global citizen - Essay Example As a UCSB student and as a community member of Santa Barbara, I learn about social, economic and cultural differences between my high school and community and appreciate and respect each community’s strengths and limitations; I determine student behaviors and attitudes that enhance safety; and I realize what it means to be a global citizen by feeling that I socially belong to the university and the Santa Barbara community and by participating in their activities, not as an outsider, but as a meaningful member of society. Social, economic and cultural differences affect differences in my high school and UCSB and community experiences. Social differences are mostly in social practices. In UCSB, parties are commonly done outdoors at Isla Vista and other popular social hangouts. In high school, we do not normally go out because we do not have regular school outdoor parties. When there are parties, they are generally done indoors and under the strict supervision of high school teac hers and parents. Furthermore, UCSB and community parties are loud and extend to the wee hours of the morning, but not in my local community. Nelson and Campion (2014) described a typical Isla Vista party: â€Å"There were the token couples along the side of the street making out on cars†¦ the house music was loud as ever and Isla Vista seemed to be in its natural state.† In high school, such noisy activities and sexual practices are considered socially unacceptable and illegal.

Cultural Geography of the Navajo Tribe Essay Example for Free

Cultural Geography of the Navajo Tribe Essay The Navajo Community represents some of the native Indian tribes in the United States of America. This group just like other Apachean tribes residing in the Southwest is part of the Athabaskan speakers. Originally, they migrated from Western Canada to occupy the largest reservation in the United States. The Navajo tribe practiced nomadic gathering and hunting living a sedentary life in the rugged expansive terrain in the Southwest. Their residences were small and scattered over the land. The date of settlement of the Navajo community in the Four Corners Area is not known with certainty but archaeological findings and researches projects settlement around 13th century.             Surprisingly, a majority of Native American tribes diminished in population with modernization, civilization and assimilation. However, the Navajo tribe has witnessed ballooning population going well over 300,000 people. A duo of Geographers from the Los Angeles’ University of California postulates the growing Navajo population to over 300,000 members to date is as a result of culture and geography. This paper sets out to delineate the cultural geography of the Navajo tribe and what significance this has had on the community.          In Human Geography, cultural geography concentrates on the interactions and patterns of material and non material human culture with the natural environment as well as the human-structured space (Cosgrove, 1994). There are three branches of cultural geography, namely: traditional, new and the more than representational cultural geographies (Lorimer, 2012). In American studies, traditional cultural geography is studied and links to the works of Berkeley University Geographer, Professor Carl Sauer. According to him, the interaction between communities and â€Å"natural† landscape nurtures â€Å"cultural geography†. Researchers following this convention concentrate on the various arrays of human interventions in changing the â€Å"natural† landscape. Therefore, they were mainly interested in validating material culture such as architectures/buildings, industries and agricultural technologies.         Indeed, cultural geography has greatly influenced the increased population of the Navajo community. This is particularly so because the geographical location of the Navajo is isolated. Besides, the prevalence of cultural flexibility in which the Navajos regard themselves as the Dine, blended well with their expansion long after 1492 (Cosgrove, Daniels, 1994). It was around this time that the Europeans started to trickle into North America. Besides, the Navajos cultural flexibility has enabled the tribe to resist assimilation into the larger white United States Culture, four centuries down the lane. Incidentally, most Native American tribes and communities became decimated in population, lost their language, homeland and cultural identity or even disappeared. However, the Navajos are strikingly exceptional. They have retained their homeland, culture, identity and the population continues to thrive.             The exceptionality of the Navajo Community is benignantly evident in their population. The community is arguably representative of the largest Indian tribe in the United States of America. Certainly, the Cherokee Nation, which is an entirely different membership demanding diverse requirements, may contest this acclamation. Nonetheless, the burgeoning Navajo reserve has grown from 3.3 million acres in 1868 to over 17 million acres covering the three states of New Mexico, Utah and Arizona (Goode, 2002).            So what has precipitated this meteoric success?             In their article on the November 18 issue of the Science Journal, geographers Arthur and Diamond postulate that the mere isolation and remoteness of the Navajo Reservation in the southwestern United States played a major role. The extreme outlier of this zone cushioned the community against aggressors such as the Mexicans, the U.S armies and the Spanish. However, it can be remembered that the United States armies rounded up a majority of the Navajo Indians in 1864 and detained them in New Mexico State at Fort Sumner for four years. Still, the extreme outlier and isolation of the Navajo reservation filtered association and interdependence between the Navajo tribe and American and Spanish settlers.          Notwithstanding, the Navajo reservation, featured a rugged, dry and dusty terrain which inhibited white settlement. It was too dry and undesirable for farmland and agriculture making white settlers seek and establish settlements elsewhere. Moreover, the absence of essential mineral resources such as oil and coal at the time of European invasion and settlement of the U.S made the region undesirable much until the 20th century when the minerals were discovered.             Moreover, the Navajo tribe precipitated cultural geographical factors and adopted flexibly while still retaining their cultural identity, thereby circumnavigating the pitfalls of other native tribes (Jackson, 1982). The Navajo tribe changed into new practices in their expansion and occupation of the Navajo reservation. Besides, their inclusive, incorporative attitude of clans, individuals and spouses afforded them cultural identity amidst assimilation threats. For instance, they interrelated cordially with neighbors such as the Apache and the Pueblos, thereby eliminating friction and derailing wars.            There are other historical perspectives in cultural and geographical coverage of the Navajo tribe that has led to their population increase, as well as the acreage of the Navajo Reservation. The tradition of the Navajo tribe is told as a tragic story of victimization as evidently presented in most publications on the American Indian history (Parry, 2011). Peter Iverson, a history professor at the Arizona State University posits the insufficient detail with which the Navajo are regarded. He counters that much more scholastic research must be carried out to reveal the imminent cause of their prolonged stay in power in spite of the massive cultural threats.            Peter Iverson postulates that the federal government’s initiative to rupture the Indians land to derail communal land ownership for individual ownership marked the onset of disappearance of native tribes (Parry, 2011). The Navajo tribe reacted by successfully resisting the government’s capitalism agenda to split their land. This unified the community and ensured that it retained its cultural and geographical identity. Besides, the tribe set on acquiring additional land to expand their reservation resulting to a dramatic expansion of their dynasty. Peter Iverson emphatically chirps in that with the onset of the 19th century the tribe realized that their stay in the reservation was a long run.             The Navajo’s cultural and social adaptations with regard to their topography were flexible. Initially, they resisted the American government’s sponsored education. This is because the education was varied on the extreme and went against the beliefs of the Navajo tribe (Jett, 1992). For instance, the boarding schools were savagely hostile to the Navajo schooling kids. Indeed, this was ingeniously tailored to help rehabilitate the Navajo young scholars into the white American culture (Parry, 2011). However, various cultural, social and geographical developments in the region led to the tribe to flexibly accommodate and adopt new practices. For instance, the 1930 federal program decimated the pastoralist, nomadic and sedentary life in which the Navajo led by taking away their livestock. In countenance, the Navajo adopted the new engagements but yet retained their cultural identity.             Another cultural geographic factor that has led to the meteoric growth and expansion of the Navajo tribe over the years, in spite of cultural assimilation threats is their rich cultural vitality. According to the dual, over a half of the population in the Navajo tribe speaks perfect native language (Jones, 2012). The large population of Navajo members speaking their native language has enormously contributed towards cultural vitality. Nevertheless, the culture is more fragile at present that it has been projected. This is because; with the government sponsored schooling the younger Navajo members cannot speak their language fluently.            Besides, the Navajo tribe is more probable to external influences at present than before. This is because the Navajo reservation has witnessed the construction of railroad and modernized roads skirting through their lands. Consequently, the region is opening up and awakening from isolation well after 1920 (Parry, 2011). Moreover, in spite of the Navajo confrontations with the government in the 1880s, the present influence of Christian Missionaries has actively influenced their culture.            The Navajo tribe pride in their flexibility to adopt and incorporate new features into their culture. This characteristic is well illustrated in their architectural designs, weaving, silverwork, craftsmanship and drawings. For example, among the commonly featured designs in the Navajo arts is the squash blossom pattern. It involves a crescent shaped pendant which is native to the Islamic countries. It is believed to have arrived in the Navajo reservation with the Spanish.             Today, the Navajo culture constitutes a blended old tradition with adapted practices and technologies. The adapted practices are traceable to ancient times and reflect in the tribes mythology. Their oral traditions posit a semi nomadic life integrated with hunting and gathering. As a result, the oral traditions foreshadow perpetual travelling by their ancestors before settling in their current Navajo Reservation. The Navajo today practice farming as an adopted practice to ensure their survival. This practice just like so many other cultures was adopted from the Spanish settlers who settled in their reservation (Parry, 2011). They learn to rear animals such as sheep herding and weaving blankets from wool. Their adaptation tactics have seen the Navajo tribe become dexterous and perfect their skills. Most of the intricately weave patterns in blankets across the world traces top the American Indian Navajo tribe.             In the nineteenth century, the Navajo tribe conducted conventional raids in their neighbors for animals, food and captives a trait that earned them the noun ravage (Parry, 2011). This lifestyle was quite common amongst traditional communities implying that the Navajo tribe merely adopted the practice from their neighbors. In spite of the cultural adaptations, the Navajo tribe reclined to maintaining their traditions. According to James F rooks, the Navajo assumed those practices that enhanced their survival and protection.             Increased settlement of white settlers in the Dine coupled with transcontinental railroad developments stirred a hostile, brutal and violent resistance from the Navajo tribe in their reservation. Consequently, the U.S armies were called upon to quell the situation and detain the agitators. This led to the rounding up of Navajos and their eventual incarceration at Fort Summer, New Mexico. The U.S army applied ruthless combat methods such as the scorched earth policy aimed at weakening the Navajo. For instance, they reduced the Navajo livestock which was their main source of income and livelihood. The army barraged the Navajo out of their reservation striking their most hideous cavern, the Canyon de Chelly. Peter Iverson states categorically that the number of Navajo clansmen arrested and incarcerated as at 1864 totaled to about 8,000. These people had surrendered to the American soldiers due to hunger and thirst. In fact, Iverson posits that they endured the  "Long Walk† along the Pecos River to the fort. Nevertheless, a boisterous and poignantly adamant Navajo population totaling to about 5,000 Navajo members sought refuge in the Gray Mountain, Black Messa, Grand Canyon and the Wupatki hideous points (Parry, 2011).             The long annexation of Navajo led to the 1868, peace treaty signed by chief Manuelito and other clansmen with the federal government of the United States. This allowed the release and return home of the arrested and detained Navajo members. In addition, the Navajo acquired an expansive Navajo reservation stretching over 3.5 million acres of land. It straddles the entire New Mexico and Arizona border line through Utah and on to Colorado (Parry, 2011). The annexation and detention of the Navajo did not alter their cultural practices and identity. The continued herding their sheep and their craftsmanship weaving more and more blankets. In addition, they brought with them additional practices such as silversmithing earlier adopted from their neighbors, the Spaniards. The Navajo jewelry is known across the world and over and especially the turquoise and silver jewelry.             The discovery of an underneath mega oil reserve in Navajo Reservation, in the 1920s, did not assail the tribe. The tribe organized the Navajo Tribe Council to provide strategic and organized leasing of contracts. This council operated independently until 1991 when the federal United States government intervened and reorganized the council to accommodate a trilateral government (Parry, 2011). It constituted of an executive, a legislature and a judiciary similar to the federal American government. This depicts another one of Navajo community’s cultural adaptability and flexibility. The council is duly constituted by a delegation of 88 people representative of 110 communities.          Moreover, the Navajo council and government constitute a Navajo Nation Flag. The colorful emblem depicts the topography of the Navajo reservation represented in copper. In addition, the flag features the native reservation border of 1868 presented in a dark brown color. Still, the flag bears a quad composure of the sacred mountains at their cardinal directions while an enveloping rainbow illustrates the sovereignty of the Navajo nation (Parry, 2011). The solar captured above two animals and cornstalks depict the Navajo indigenous economy. Moreover, an oil derrick featured between a modern house and a Hogan is indicative of another feature of their economy.          In conclusion, cultural geography as a branch of human geography postulates the In Human Geography the interactions and patterns between human culture and the natural environment. This involves the study of the material and non-material associations between the external environment and the people who live in that environment, that is the human-structured space. Culture geography manifests acutely in the Navajo nation. It trails the Navajo tribe explaining their stoic existence, burgeoning and inflationing population amidst occasions that threaten their cultural identity (Parry, 2011). This native community has managed to survive primarily because it practiced flexibility in its culture. The community adopted new elements and practices into its way of life, enriching, safeguarding and advancing its culture and vitality. The Navajo reservation topography has shied potential threats and invasions keeping and retaining the tribe’s identity. References Cosgrove, D. E., Daniels, S. (1994-1988). The Iconography of landscape: essays on the symbolic representation, design, and use of past environments. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. Goode, S. (2002, October 29). Powwow Blends Sacred and Secular: Thousands Attended the First Powwow on the National Mall to Celebrate the National Museum of the American Indian and to Immerse Themselves in Cultural Traditions. (Nation: American Indian Culture). Insight on the News, 8, 13-22. Jackson, J. (1982). Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions And , (Tucson: University Of Arizona Press, 1981. Pp. Xx+289. $37a50 And $14a95 Softback). Journal of Historical Geography, 8(4), 428-429. Jett, S. C. (1992). An Introduction To Navajo Sacred Places. Journal of Cultural Geography, 13(1), 29-39. Jones, L. (2012). Geography and memory: explorations in identity, place and becoming. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Parry, W. (2011, November 17). Tribal Fates: Why the Navajo Have Succeeded. LiveScience.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.livescience.com/17086-navajo-tribal-fate-jared-diamond.html Source document

Excellence Is Your Best Weapon For Fighting Racism :: essays research papers

Excellence is Your Best Weapon for Fighting Racism The Bible says that "the poor will always be with us." An similar statement is that racism will always be with us. So, the question is, "What should we do about it?" There are many ways to fight racism: you might march, protest, complain, or beg the government for help. Some of these methods have worked well in the past. However, I think the best and most effective weapon today for fighting racism is excellence. Excellence will bring down more racial barriers than all the marching and shouting in the world. To develop the weapon of excellence, we must take advantage of all the educational opportunities that are available to us. Even though the doors of opportunity are not always opened equally to everyone, there are still ways to be what you want to be, go where you want to go, and have what you want to have. And it does not matter where you live, how poor you are. You still have the ability to succeed. As long as you have your health and can think, success is possible. Accepting the fact that the doors of opportunity are not opened equally to everyone, one thing that is equal for everyone is time. There is the same number of hours in the day for all of us. How you use these hours is your choice. You can use them on the playground or you can use them to play the books. Playing on the playground might give you some hours of immediate enjoyment, but playing the books will give you long-term gratification. African Americans and other minorities can no longer use the excuses of being poor or living in a bad neighborhood or small town to keep us from achieving excellence through education. In some cases, the poorer you are the more educational opportunities that are available to you. Poverty should not be an excuse for not working up to your potential. No matter how poor you think you are, there is always someone who is poorer. Please do not be embarrassed by or ashamed of the size your home town. Many individuals from small towns have become very successful and risen to the top of their professions. If President Clinton can change his address from Hope, Arkansas to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., then you know it is possible to fulfill your aspirations, whatever they might be. President Clinton's rise to the top of his profession suggests to me that whether you are a big time runner from New York City, or a guy who runs around the block in Fall

Prominent Philadelphia lawyer Essay

1. Thomas Abraham Clark, the son of a prominent Philadelphia lawyer, was born to extreme wealth. He was educated at home by private tutors, and entered local politics at a very early age. He soon rose to the top of his state in politics. Having traveled extensively in Europe, he is obsessed with the tyranny of European governments. He has corresponded with Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. He is convinced that a strong government headed by a king is and has been, the curse of mankind throughout history. Under the Articles of Confederation, Thomas’s law practice has prospered, but he is concerned over the inflated value of some colonial currency. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Thomas Abraham Clark is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Thomas Abraham Clark is best categorized as an Anti-Federalist. He is fearful of the tyranny of strong, centralized government. Thomas is also established as a political leader at the state level. He has corresponded with, aligned with prominent anti-federalists of his time. He is satisfied with the Articles of Confederation (anti-federalist agreement). His only concern that links him to Federalism is that of inflated value of some colonial currency (i.e., a federally regulated monetary system would address this issue). 2. Josiah Bartlett was born the son of a farmer. He has little formal schooling, but has read extensively. At twelve, Josiah left home to serve an apprenticeship as a cooper. By the age of eighteen, Josiah set out to make his mark in his state. Working as an overseer on small plantations, he soon saved enough money to begin buying land of his own, and by 1775 he owned half the land in his state. Rather than operating large scale and exclusively slave plantations, Josiah invested in smaller farms operated by indentured servants. He ships a great deal of cotton to Europe. His economic interests are threatened not only by unstable currency, but by high tariffs and taxes imposed by neighboring states. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Josiah Bartlett is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Josiah Bartlett would be viewed as a Federalist. Although he is a self-made made man from humble beginnings—not the typical profile of the Federalists—he has financial concerns about the unstable and inconsistent economic structure of a loose confederacy that may affect his overseas exporting business. A more stable national economic system, afforded by Federalism, would be in his best interest. 3. Edward Heyward is a member of the landed aristocracy of Georgia, his substantial wealth came from the inheritance of large tracts of land. Heyward, like most of the people in his state, is extremely provincial in his outlook, having had little contact with foreigners outside his state, other than slave traders. His lack of contact with the outside world and his relative wealth have convinced Edward that things have gone splendidly after independence from Britain. His concerns are the Indian tribes of Western Georgia. They are well organized and ably led. Since he has considerable money invested in western land, he would like to see a united effort against the Indians. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Edward Heyward is a †¦ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Edward Heyward may best be classified as undecided. He is satisfied with the governance of the Articles of Confederation. Edward doesn’t deal in interstate or overseas commerce, so the economic/monetary regulations possible through Federalism are not a concern of his. He is concerned about the possibility of an Indian uprising in his home of Georgia and how that might affect him financially. His support for a united stand for control of Indian aggression would be indicative of Federalism, as the U.S. Army would come to be the force used against such aggression. 4. Patrick O’Neil was born in Hanover County, Virginia. He was largely self-educated. From 1751 until 1760 he was an unsuccessful storekeeper and farmer. Notoriously indifferent to his private fortunes and ineffectual in his own business, he has made the public his main concern. He is a great orator and by some is called the â€Å"voice of the common man.† During the Revolution he served in the House of Burgesses and as governor of Virginia. He was a member of the radical faction which opposed the King before the revolution, and on a number of occasions swore he would give up his life before his freedom. †¨He has always thought of himself as a common man. He feels the rights of the people must be protected from all privileged classes, and he has always been a champion of popular rights.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Patrick O’Neil is an Anti-Federalist. He is a vehement supporter of popular rights and the interests of the common man. O’Neil is not concerned with business in general, nor the practical economic benefits that might be afforded under Federalism. He was vocally opposed to the Monarchy before this was a popular stance, and would logically be against any form of centralized power in government. He has been a prominent leader in Virginia’s government and would be seen as favoring more authority for state governments as provided by the Articles of Confederation. 5. Tom McKaan, like other lads of sixteen, ran away from home in 1776 to serve in the Continental Army. He was with Washington’s troops at Valley Forge. A slight limp–he lost two toes from frost bite–serves to remind him of that long, hard winter. But his time in the hospital changed his life. An officer in the next bed, in more peaceful times a professor of English, taught Tom to read, as a means of whiling away the time. Tom was an apt pupil. His first primer, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, was the only book the professor had with him. Tom continued his own education when he was mustered out of the army. In the last ten years he has traveled and spent time in every state, making his living as a journalist. He is well aware of the problems facing the American colonies. He sees the â€Å"Spanish-Indian Conspiracy† as a great threat to American growth and the revolt of Daniel Shays as the beginning of the end for stable government.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Tom McKaan would best be termed undecided. He was indoctrinated in Anti-Federalism by the writing of Thomas Paine. He continued his education, became a journalist, traveled the country and broadened his horizons. He became concerned with the â€Å"Spanish-Indian Conspiracy† and Shays rebellion. This indicated that he perceived the need for a national standing army and that he questioned the ability of the present government to deal with foreign and domestic threats and protect the citizenry. He was seemingly beginning to lean toward Federalism. 6. Francis Whipple was born to wealth in the colony of Massachusetts. During the war years his family sent him to England to be educated in the ministry. After his return from his studies abroad, Charles decided that the economic survival of his state depended upon the acquisition of more land, and that political survival depends upon a strong central government to protect Whipple and his class from the increasing restlessness of the masses. Charles is forever preaching that man’s instincts can never be trusted, that only strong government offers security. He feels that property rights must be protected and that the â€Å"masses† must be kept in their place. After seeing the results of Shays Rebellion, he feels the common people should have little or no voice in government.†¨ A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist C.Undecided Francis Whipple is Federalist. He believes the privileged few should largely control politics and that they need protection from impulsive uprisings of the uneducated masses. He believes a central government should be empowered to purchase and annex territory for the state. Whipple believes a strong federal government should protect the property rights of the landed gentry. These are primary tenets of Federalism. 7. Clymer Fitzsimmons is a frontiersman from the Northwest. He lives in a sparsely populated area. His father and mother were killed by the Indians during Pontiac’s Rebellion. He has little formal education, but he has no equal in the woods. He was wounded at the Battle of Saratoga, and still carries an English â€Å"ball† in his right lung. He was captured later in the war and spent two years as a British prisoner. He is sure that the British government intends to suppress the colonies newly won independence. He believes in a well armed population and a large, well organized militia. Clymer has been little affected by the Articles of Confederation and he is basically satisfied with the present economic situation. He is suspicious of those colonial gentlemen of wealth and English custom. He resents the present state government because he is not allowed to vote, since he owns no property. A.Federalist B.Anti-Federalist Undecided Clymer Fittsimmons is best classified as an Anti-Federalist. He is suspicious of the elite aristocracy and doesn’t entrust them to handle the governance of the new country. Clymer believes a citizen militia is the answer for protection from potential enemies of the new nation. The main objection he has with the government is that his state denies him the right to vote because he is not a landowner. This probably intensives his distrust for the elite and promotes the idea that they would gain more power through Federalism.

Male and Segmentation Base Essay

Introduction: In this assignment I am going to describe the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service and explain how and why these groups are targeted. 1.Product: IPhone 5 Segmentation base: Demographic, Psychographic/ Age, Social class, Target market: Teenagers and Adults Customer profile: Aged mainly between 18+, aimed at both male and female, medium/ high class How/ Why targeted * Product: IPhone 5, mainly used for calling/texting or communicating with others, also used for pictures, music and downloading apps. * Place: T-Mobile, Carphone warehouse, Phones4u, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, more people can then find out about it and it will get more popular which means that more people will be buying is. * Price: The price of IPhone 5 is from  £499 –  £529 2.Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles Segmentation base: Benefit segmentation / needs, safety, esteem Target market: Children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 2-6 years old, aimed at both male and female, How/ Why targeted * Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles is only used by children aged 4 to 6 as it is not a strong as adult’s toothpaste and it has a mild flavour. * Place: Boots, Superdrug’s, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Adults/ mothers might consider in buying it if they have young children. * Price: The price of Colgate Toothpaste smiles is  £1.32 3.Product: Gucci by flora perfume Segmentation base: Demographical, psychological/ age group, gender, enjoys shopping Target market: Females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 16+, aimed at females. How/ Why  targeted * Product: Flora by Gucci perfume is only used by females as the smell is not as strong as males perfumes. * Place: Superdrug’s, Boots, Pharmacies. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Females will be interested in buying the perfume as the brand is very popular. * Price: The price of the perfume can be between  £40 to  £72 4 .Product: Ford Segmentation base: Psychological, Demographical / lifestyle, enjoys shopping, age group, family size, Target market: young adults/ adults Customer profile: Aged aimed at 16 and over, aimed at both males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Ford cars are used by young adults and adults 16+ as it is illegal for anyone younger that this to be driving a car. * Place: The cars can be bought from their website, Auto trader * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people that are interested in buying a new car, can then go and visit one of their stores and buy a car. * Price: There are different prices for every car it can start from  £8,000 –  £20,000 and over. 5.Product: Disney Princess puzzles Segmentation base: Demographic, psychological / activities, interest, hobbies, age group, gender. Target market: female children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 4 – 5 Years old, aimed at females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Disney Princess puzzles is only used by female children aged 4 to 5. * Place: Argos and WHSmith * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, parents and guardians might be interested in buying something for entertainment for their child or for a present. * Price: The price of the puzzles can be different depending on the size, but it will be around  £5 to  £10. Business-to-business market Costco to Corner shops 6.Product: Coca Cola Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 10+, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Coca-Cola * Place: Corner shops could buy stacks of Coca-Cola from Costco as it is cheaper to buy it from there. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people are more likely to go to Costco and buy it from there as it will be more cost efficient. * Price: 1 bottle of Coca Cola is  £1.99 at Corner shops, whereas if they go to Costco they will spend less as there will be 8 bottles of 1/2 litre for only  £6.25 Wilkinsfoods to Tesco 7.Product: Eggs Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: any ages, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Eggs * Place: Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through their website, leaflets and radio. By promoting this product, people will find out about this farm, and Tesco might consider in buying their eggs as they cheap. * Price: It depends on how many eggs the organisation wants; Small, medium, large and very large and come as standard packed into keyes trays (15 dozen outers or 30 dozen outers). Conclusion: In this assignment I have described the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service of Tesco’s and Car manufacturer and have explained how and why these groups are targeted.

buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay

buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay Introduction Computer ethics is distinguished from other ethics in the sense that it is mainly concerned with how computing professionals should make the right decisions regarding social and professional aspects and other computer related ethical issues. In fact, computer ethics requires one to cope with more than mere traditional ethical issues that are applied to computer technology. As Johnson (2009) asserts, computer related ethical issues arise from the different roles of the computer such as processors and repositories of information such as unauthorized access of information or stored files; procedures of new types of assets and forms such as computer programs; instruments of acts such as the degree in which computer users are responsible for the appropriateness and integrity of data and information; and symbols of deception and intimidation by perceiving computers as thinking machines. Basing on the above arguments, this paper will analyze whether the replacement of human labor with an au tomated production system is ethical or not. Case summary We are introduced to a system analyst of a software development firm, who is mandated to develop a new computer system that would improve the organizations production. However, this new computer application is designed to replace as many employees as possible in the production department. This is not a unique scenario because more and more workers are being replaced in many organizations as a result of technological advances. On the other hand, the system analyst finds himself in an ethical dilemma because his brother-in-law is one of the production employees to be replaced. After being informed of the impending consequences of introducing the automated system by his brother-in-law, the system analyst has to decide between developing the system or not. In sustaining the spirit and objective between his employers company and the clients, he continues with design by sticking to the stipulated requirements as diligently as possible. Case analysis This project is simple only if the human factors are not put into consideration. This is because the system analyst has the capability of developing as many applications as the company wants without any resistance from the affected employees. In this case, the system analyst has to deal with resistance from the employees that will be affected by the new system. It is apparent that the by designing more automated systems, more employees will be rendered jobless after they have been implemented. Considering that a family member to the system analyst will be affected, many people would consider this project unethical. There several questions arise from the above case, for instance; are there any ethical issues involved in this case; is the system analyst ethical or unethical in designing the system as required by his employer and; what are the general principles that apply in this case? To answer the above questions, it is imperative to understand what is meant by automation, the main reason as to why the company wanted to automate its production process, the advantages and disadvantages of autoation, and the positive and negative impacts of automation to the economy as well as to the society. Automation is defined as the utilization of information technologies and the associated control systems to reduce the organizations reliance on human labor in the production of goods and services (Love, 2007). It is asserted that automation is a step beyond mechanization in the cooperate world. This can be attributed to the fact that while mechanization allows for the retention of employees with muscular requirements to operate machines, automation greatly reduces a companys reliance on human mental and sensory requirements. This means that mechanization employee retention but automation leads to the cutting down of employees. The present-day corporate world has embraced vario us automations applications such as answering machines, video surveillance, automated manufacturing, and automated teller machines. Traditionally, organizations relied on human labor to complete the activities that are associated with the above technologies. It goes without saying that many organizations are automating most of their processes because of the many advantages that come with automation. The main advantage of automation is that complex and monotonous activities or works, which were done in hazardous environments by human operators, can now be accomplished by automated systems. Rather than employing several people to complete a task that would otherwise be completed with one person, it is economical for a company to replace these workers (Love, 2007). Another significant advantage of automation is improved productivity within organizations and improved economic capabilities within societies. After many years of research, it has been established that automation not only stimulates economic growth, but also improves living standards world wide. Despite the fact that automation comes with numerous advantages, it also comes with some limitations. In reference to the case in discussion, it has been established that automation leads to job loss. Contrary t popular belief that automation leads to unemployment, it has been established that automation actually improves the quality of employment. For example, the introduction of automation has replaced menial and low paying jobs with higher paying and less menial jobs. Having highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of automation, it becomes clear that the system analysts decision did not contravene any ethical principles. By upholding the spirit of the contract, which was to embrace automation when need arose, the system analyst made the perfect choice since it would suit both the employer and the customers. In reference to ACM code 2.4, it is clear that the system analyst acted ethically. This ACM code requires members to design and develop systems that not only performs their intended functions, but also satisfy their employers and customers needs. This is exactly what the system analyst did. Similarly, ACM number 1.3 compels members to act faithfully on behalf of their employees of clients. If the system analyst could have sympathized with his brother-in-law at the expense of his employer or client, that would have been a betrayal on his part. Based on the two ACM codes, it is apparent that the system analyst did everything responsibly and withoutt contravening any ethical principles. It can be seen that his actions were meant for the well being of the company because automation would lead to high productivity and increased satisfaction for the customers. Additionally, it has been established that automated processes are cost effective the system analyst must have put this thought into consideration before designing the automated applications. Rather than wasting money by paying individuals who are performing repetitive chores and duties that do not need human supervision, the company would channel these funds to other activities that can improve productivity, hence improved profitability. It can be seen that employees should be used to activities and duties that require skill and knowledge, rather than getting used to repetitive or simple tasks. Instead of being sent home, the employer would have considered retaining skilled and knowledgeable employees to operate these systems after being recommended by the system analyst. Therefore, rather than complaining about the looming displacement or replacement, the complaining employee should have taken the initiative of adding some skills and knowledge to secure his position at the company, rather than relying on his brother-in-laws sympathies. Deploying the automated systems will enable employees to upgrade their skills and match the positions that need more brain values. On his part, the system analysts brother-in-law was not unethical in bringing his and the predicaments of his fellow workers to the attention of the system analyst. Considering that the company would lay off some of its employees without assisting them in any way to find alternative jobs, this employee was right to complain. It seems like the company was unethical because it was depriving-off the retrenched employees their main source of livelihood. This can be attributed to the fact that the employer was contravening the general principal of social responsibility. It is asserted that a responsible employer should ensure that the impact caused to displaced or replaced employees is minimized when making any productivity improvements (Ryan 2009). By complaining, the system analysts brother-in-law was not only concerned with his welfare, but also for the welfare of fellow workers who would be affected. In conclusion, there would have been an ethical breach if the system analyst headed to his brother-in-laws asserting. In respect of the contract between the system analyst and his employer and the employer and its customers, the analyst did the right thing in upholding that contract. Ethically, it is wrong for a person to be guided by his or her personal relationships when making an important decision, especially if it goes against the customers wish. As discussed earlier, the general principle centers on the employer. When an organization rolls out a maser plan that is aimed at reducing the labor force through the introduction of an automated system, it must consider the social impacts that this decision might cause. It is the employers duty to find alternative positions for the affected employees. Alternatively, the company can provide adequate training for its employees so that they can handle complex jobs that may culminate from the deployment of automated systems. Buy custom Designing a Computer System to Replace a Customer’s Employees essay

African Poetry

It is a historical irony that the same language serves the African writer in voicing his thoughts and feelings to the world at large. While discussing the future of English, Simeon Porter observes, It will adopt to meet new needs and in that incessant reshaping and adaptation, every speaker and writer consciously or unconsciously will play some part. (181) Today, the prediction of Porter came true of African writing in English. It brought strength and appeal to the English language by adding a large range of new vocabulary and usage. Writing on the problems faced by the African English writers,  Chinua Achebe  the famous Nigerian writer says, The African writer should aim to use English that brings out his message without altering the language to the extent that its value as a medium of international exchange will be lost. He should aim at fashioning out an English, which is at once unusual and able to carry his peculiar experience. (61) It is applaudable that the writers of Africa succeeded in accomplishing the above task set by Achebe, which is by any means not an easy one. Their successful integration of native experience and expression in an alien tongue received worldwide acclaim. Their success proved, as critics like Srinivasa Iyengar pointed out, A shot in the arm of modern English Literature has had to come from West Africans like Amos Tutuola,  Wole Soyinka  and Gabriel Okara. (16) The role of poetry, in African literature, has been highly effective in providing the people with the needful inspiration and the necessary insight. The language of poetry, for the African people, is a source of learning and becoming aware of their destiny that necessitates the knowledge of their past, present and the possible future. These and several other ideas fuelled African poetry in English. For the African poets, poetry became a powerful medium through which they conveyed to the world audience, not only their despairs and hopes, the enthusiasm and empathy, the thrill of joy and the stab of pain but lso a nations history as it moved from freedom to slavery, from slavery to revolution, from revolution to independence and from independence to tasks of reconstruction which further involve situations of failure and disillusion. (Iyengar, 15) When we read African Literature, we should, by obligation remember that, colonization was at its harshest in Africa. As history stands proof, it was highly exploited and savaged by the ambitious white man. This experience is on the minds of all thinking poets. Despite getting uhuru or in dependence, the bitterness returns again and again. The unforgettable colonial past comes angrily alive in a poem by Kenyas poet Joseph Kareyaku thus, It is not as you suppose, your lands, your cars, your money, or your cities I covet It is what gores me most, that in my own house and in my very own home you should eye me and all thats mine with that practiced, long-drawn, insulting sneer. (quoted in Iyengar, 30) In a poem entitled If you want to know me Noemia De Sousa writes ruefully of Africa, by effectively using the literary device of personification thus: This is what I am mpty sockets despairing of possessing of life a mouth torn open in an anguished wound a body tattooed with wounds seen and unseen from the harsh whipstrokes of slavery tortured and magnificent proud and mysterious Africa from head to foot This is what I am. (Narasimhaiah, 137) The much-brutalized Dark Continent is tellingly depicted in the following lines of a poem named The Shapes of Fear by Richard Ntiru. Like an arrested breath when breathing makes silence imperfect and the ear cannot differentiate between the conspiratorial whispers and the winds singing. .. a twig in the courtyard snaps and report of a gun is understood. (Narasimhaiah, 137) Nigerian poet , the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinkas masterful irony skillfully conceals anger at the racist attitude in his famous poem, Telephone Converstion. After negotiating for a house on rent on telephone, he tells the landlady of his being a black African. He was rudely shocked when he was caught foully by the ladys query regarding his darkness thus: HOW DARK? I had not misheard Are you light OR VERY DARK (Narasimhaiah, 149) The ill- mannered silence between the two is filled with images such as stench of rancid breath of public- hide-and-speak, Red booth, Red- Pillar-box, Red double-tiered Omnibus squelching tar that subsume the age-old and still hopeless and violent colour- conflict. The theme of English superiority glares through David Rubadiris poem A Negro Labourer in Liverpool: Here his hope is the shovel And his fulfillment resignation. (Narasimhaiah, 134) One of the most important phases in African poetry is  Negritude, a powerful literary movement founded by Aime Cesaire of Senegal. Among other things, the Negritude poets favoured the theme of glorification of Africa. They worshipped anything African in scintillating rhymes. Anger at injustice meted out to the colonized Africa is also one of the oft-repeated themes of their poetry. Heres an example from David Diops poem Africa. Africa, my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs. Is this you, this back that is bent This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun.. That is Africa your Africa That grows again patiently obstinately And its fruit gradually acquires The bitter taste of liberty. (Narasimhaiah, 153) Dennis Brutus, a South African poet, was subjected to torture by a cruel regime. His writing is full of images of love contrasted with images of death thus, Desolate Your face gleams up Beneath me in the dusk Abandoned A wounded dove Helpless Beneath the knife of love. (Quoted in Theroux, 2) Great feeling for Africa is felt in Abioseh Nicols poem The Meaning of Africa thus: Africa, you were once just a name to me So I came back ailing down the Guinea coast . You are not a country Africa, You are a concept I know now that is what you are Africa Happiness, contentment and fulfillment. (Quoted in Povey, 39) A poets affirmation of his love for Africa shines radiantly through the following verses. Dark Africa! My dawn is here; Behold! I see A rich warm glow in the East, And my day will soon be here. (Iyengar, 30) Deification of Africa is a fit topic for many African p oets. Perhaps this is their reaction to the self glorification and the civilizing zeal of the imperial powers of Europe. Bernard Dadies poem attains special significance viewed in that light. He says in a poem entitled I Thank God, I thank you God for creating me black. White is the colour for special occasions Black the colour for every day And I have carried the World since the dawn of time And my laugh over the World, through the night creates The Day. (Narasimhaiah, 122) In Africa, the advent of the white mans civilizing mission displaced scores of native societies from their own cultural roots. The impact of the spread of Christianity combined with material benefits such as classroom education and well-paid jobs forced many Africans abandon their own faith and adapt the religion of the pale-faced aliens. This situation is responsible for the natives to suffer from culture shock. Nevertheless, the native is expected to owe allegiance to his own tribal culture and embrace Christianity for material benefits. This cultural confusion is well articulated by Mabel Segun in a poem thus: Here we stand Infants overblown Poised between two civilizations Finding the balance irksome. (Quoted in Povey, 39) Gabriel Okara expresses the same sentiments in a lyric thus: When at break of day at a riverside I hear jungle drums Then I hear a wailing piano Solo speaking of complex ways. (Quoted in Gleason, 143) However, there are poets like Kofi Awoonor Williams of Ghana whose passion for past is expressed in his rediscovery themes with the help of extended rhythms as in the following lines. Sew the old days for us our fathers that we wear them under our old garments after we have washed ourselves.. ( The Anvil and the Hammer) gain, Sew the old days for me my father Sew them so that I may wear them For the feast that is coming. (Quoted in Theroux, 4) He accomplishes the same excellence of evolving extended rhythms in poems like The Long Journey and My Song. Poetic excellence and rare innovative creative ability are seen in  Christopher Okigbo  poems such as The Stars Have Departed. He says, The stars have departed The sky in a monocle Surveys the world under The stars have departed And I- Where am I? ? Stretch, stretch O antennae, To clutch at this hour, Fulfilling each movement in a Broken monody. (quoted in Walsh, 48) Images that can evoke a situation beyond hope which are reminiscent of Eliots war poetry are visible in the following verses from K. Brews poem The Search. The past is but the cinders Of the present The future The smoke That escaped Into the cloud- bound sky. (quoted in Walsh, 50) Some of the poets have realized the futility of fighting over issues such as race, respect and national identity. What more can be more illuminating than the enlightened poets words such as, You must leave the sifting sands of self- seeking and deceit nd erect far mightier mansions on the rock of healthy soil. (Iyengar, 36) Lenrie Peters poems are short on the print but deep on ones mind like the one cited below Open the gates To East and West Bring in all Thats good and best. The memorable lines of Peters poem On a wet September Morning with their sheer beauty of imagery and the underlying thought of universal brotherhood celebrate the oneness of the human family. To c ite a few verses, The echo burst in me Like a great harmonic chord- Violins of love and happy voices The pagan trumpet blast Swamping the lamentation of the horn Then the heraldic drums In slow crescendo rising Crashed though my senses Into a new present Which is the future. After this brief glance at African poetry, we realize that it is not simply an offshoot of British literary tradition. Despite the many disadvantages such as a scarred past, colonial trauma, expression in a foreign medium, inability to travel abroad, unstable economic and political state of affairs in their respective nations, lack of educational opportunities, the African poet has effortless creative capacity. It is an enriching combination of rich oral literature, native experience and imported tradition of writing in English that made African poetry a tremendous success both at home and abroad. The Black Orpheus (African Poets) is no longer an unknown or an unwanted quantity but a fascinating and often enviable and beneficent literary marvel from what was ignorantly termed as the dark continent.